Essay --

1. What controls the Nanowire diameter ?Seed particle size / volume can be considered as a major factor irresponsible the Nanowire growth in conjunction with super saturation which is considered as a major factor controlling the Nanowire growth. Seed particle in most of the cases is a catalyst, e.g. Au. Sung Keun Lim et al 3 related mathematically the Nanowire diameter with the volume of ejaculate particle and parameter of import () which is the Particle-Nanowire contact angle. These authors 3 made use of two different precursors (group III and group V) one soluble in the seed and other insoluble in the seed particle which in this case is Au. They proposed a mechanics that controls the Nanowire diameter and this mechanism is based on the diffusion (or more precisely dissolution) of the soluble precursor in to the seed particle and further reaction with the insoluble precursorIf we operate at the steady state in such case Nanowire diameter frame constant because the rate of inject ion of soluble precursor into the seed and rate of further reaction with insoluble precursor are exactly t...

Comparing Love in Go Tell It on the Mountain, Giovannis Room, and Anot

Baldwins first three novels -Go Tell It on the Mountain, Giovannis Room, and Another Country-boil everyplace with anger, prejudice, and hatred, yet the primary force his characters must contend with is love. Not meek or mawkish but ...something active, more like fire, like the wind (qtd. in ONeale 126), Baldwins notion of love can conquer the horrors of society and pave the way to emotional security (Kinnamon 5). His recipe calls for a determined identity, a confrontation with and adoption of reality, and finally, an open, committed relationship. Though Baldwins characters desperately need love, they fail to meet these individual requirements, and the seeds of love they sow never take root and grow to fruition. Baldwins fixation with love, curiously a love perpetually denied, arises from his past, which colors must of his writings. Baldwin never knew his father. He endured the brunt of his stepfathers abuse simply because he was not his true son. Similarly, Baldwins characters never receive familial love and are cast out, with neither support nor an understanding of love, into a world of hatred. Baldwin never forgot his cold, strict, intolerant stepfather, David Baldwin, and this failed relationship between father and son forms the land for his first novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain. Also fundamental to Baldwins works is his queerity, which plays a predominate role in Giovannis Room and Another Country. He favors the sapphic characters, who come closest to achieving love, not merely on account of their sexuality, but because they tend to meet more of Baldwins prerequisites In his most elegant formulation, Baldwin remarked that the word pederastic might be an adjective, perhaps a... ...unity. MELUS 10 (1983), 27-31. Rpt. in Fred L. Standley and Nancy V. Burt. Critical Essays on James Baldwin. Boston G. K. Hall, 1988. ONeale, Sondra A. Fathers, Gods, and Religion Perceptions of Christianity and Ethnic Faith in James Baldwin. In Fred L. Standley and Nancy V. Burt. Critical Essays on James Baldwin. Boston G. K. Hall, 1988. Pratt, Louis H. James Baldwin. Boston Twayne, 1978. Rosenblatt, Roger. Out of Control Go Tell It on the Mountain and Another Country. In pitch blackness Fiction. N.p. Harvard University, 1974. Rpt. in Harold Bloom ed. James Baldwin. New York Chelsea House, 1986. Standley, Fred L. James Baldwin The Artist as Incorrigible Disturber of the Peace. Southern Humanities Review 4 (1970), 18-30. Rpt. in Fred L. Standley and Nancy V. Burt. Critical Essays on James Baldwin. Boston G. K. Hall, 1988. Comparing Love in Go Tell It on the Mountain, Giovannis Room, and Anot Baldwins first three novels -Go Tell It on the Mountain, Giovannis Room, and Another Country-boil oer with anger, prejudice, and hatred, yet the primary force his characters must contend with is love. Not meek or mawkish but ...something active, more like fire, like the wind (qtd. in ONeale 126), Baldwins notion of love can conquer the horrors of society and pave the way to emotional security (Kinnamon 5). His recipe calls for a determined identity, a confrontation with and adoption of reality, and finally, an open, committed relationship. Though Baldwins characters desperately need love, they fail to meet these individual requirements, and the seeds of love they sow never take root and grow to fruition. Baldwins fixation with love, peculiarly a love perpetually denied, arises from his past, which colors must of his writings. Baldwin never knew his father. He endured the brunt of his stepfathers abuse simply because he was not his true son. Similarly, Baldwins characters never receive familial love and are cast out, with neither support nor an understanding of love, into a world of hatred. Baldwin never forgot his cold, strict, intolerant stepfather, David Baldwin, and this failed relationship between father and son forms the foothold for his first novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain. Also fundamental to Baldw ins works is his homosexuality, which plays a predominate role in Giovannis Room and Another Country. He favors the homosexual characters, who come closest to achieving love, not merely on account of their sexuality, but because they tend to meet more of Baldwins prerequisites In his most elegant formulation, Baldwin remarked that the word homosexual might be an adjective, perhaps a... ...unity. MELUS 10 (1983), 27-31. Rpt. in Fred L. Standley and Nancy V. Burt. Critical Essays on James Baldwin. Boston G. K. Hall, 1988. ONeale, Sondra A. Fathers, Gods, and Religion Perceptions of Christianity and Ethnic Faith in James Baldwin. In Fred L. Standley and Nancy V. Burt. Critical Essays on James Baldwin. Boston G. K. Hall, 1988. Pratt, Louis H. James Baldwin. Boston Twayne, 1978. Rosenblatt, Roger. Out of Control Go Tell It on the Mountain and Another Country. In downcast Fiction. N.p. Harvard University, 1974. Rpt. in Harold Bloom ed. James Baldwin. New York Chelsea House, 1986. St andley, Fred L. James Baldwin The Artist as Incorrigible Disturber of the Peace. Southern Humanities Review 4 (1970), 18-30. Rpt. in Fred L. Standley and Nancy V. Burt. Critical Essays on James Baldwin. Boston G. K. Hall, 1988.

Marxist Perspective on Education Essay -- Education

Education system is realisen as an important part of the superstructure in society. This statement was written in a Marxism emplacement by individuals who see education not just an important part of the superstructure but as well an important aspect in a claw life. Even though Karl Marx himself did not widely write about education, objet darty of his followers did. This paper will look at how class and madness which is a theory that Karl Marx wrote, bestows a part in education and a general look at the perspective and how it relates to education. Secondly this essay will look at how other perspective not only relates to Marxism but as well as education. Lastly, this paper will look at how Marxism perspective can play an important role in the future of education. Class and Alienation is one of the theories that Marxs came up with, which can also be used when looking at education. This is a theory that shows how a Marxs perspective critiques the function of schooling society. Acc ording to Marxists, education does not give everybody a fair chance and that it uses the alienation of school run short (idea that children will do the work if they are rewarding for doing it), to socially control people until they are ready for exploitation in the world of work (Functions of Education According to Functionalists and Marxists , 2009). Alienation for Marx was based on work where to alienated labour there was two steps, the first one was to alienate nature from man and second was to alienate man from himself from his own active function, his life activity so it alienates him from the species (Grusky, 2001). When looking at this statement and comparing it to education, one can see the similarities between the two. Marxist claim that alienation bein... ...rom http//socyberty.com/education/the-functions-of-education-according-to-functionalists-and-marxists/Cole, M. (2004). US Imperialism, Transmodernism and Education a Marxist critique. Policy Futures in Education, 633- 643.Fekete, P. (2002). Perspectives on Education. 1-6.Grusky, D. B. (2001). Alienation and favorable Classes . Social Stratification Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective , 87-105.Kellner, D. (n.d.). Marxian Perspectives on Educational Philosophy From Classical Marxism to Critical Pedagogy . 1-19.Nathaila, P. M. (2010). not Neo-Marxist, Not Post-Marxist, Not Marxian, Not Autonomist Marxism Reflections on a Revolutionary (Marxist) Critical Pedagogy. Cultural Studies , 251-262.Small, R. (2005). Marx and Education . Hampshire Ashgate Publishing Limited .tubbs, N. (1999). Marx. Encyclopaedia of Philosophy of Education, 1-6.

Robinson Crusoe :: essays research papers

Robinson was a young man of 18 and had a dream to be a sailor. He asked his father for permission. His father thought that he should stay home and take over the family business or study law. Robinson asked his father over again to let him have just one sail. His father disapproved once more. One afternoon a shipped sailed in from the harbor. The captain of the ship was one of Crusoes familiaritys, father. The captain invited Crusoe on a voyage to the English coast and he couldnt resist. Crusoe ran away. He was genuinely seasick. Soon after he placed fortificationh on his second voyage. Here he would travel to the coast of Africa. He learned how to trade with the natives. On one of his voyages he was ship wrecked and picked up by another boat. The captain owned a plantation. Soon after this Crusoe bought his own plantation. When other plantation owners needed slaves to work their farms they asked Crusoe to sail to Africa. Crusoe agreed and set sail. On the way there they ran int o many storms. Three men were killed very soon. The twelfth day was a hard one. The salientgest storm hit. Its waves were giant. The ship was in very bad shape and Crusoe had to abandon it. He and the other sailors loaded into the small boat and paddled to land. All of the sudden a titanic wave crashed onto the boat. It drowned everyone but Crusoe. He was lucky to be alive. When he got the strength to walk again he found himself a safe place to sleep for the night, which was between to limbs a big tree. When he awoke the next morning he went he decided to salvage some stuff from the boat. There were so many things on the ship he had to build a raft to carry them back to land. He found carpentry tools, artillery, clothes, nails, and food. When he was on his way back a current started to biff him away from the place were he had landed. It was a creek. It pulled him to a perfect spot to unload his stuff. Crusoe found a great place to build a fort were he could see if any ships came a nd to protect him from any other sorts wild of beasts. Soon he learned that he should keep a calendar. He stood up a post in the sand.

Definitions of Tourism and Tourists :: Travel, Non-residents

concord to Smith (1988), an author of a specialist vocabulary on tourism, the word tourist was reportedly introduced in 1800 and the word tourism in 1811. However, what exactly is tourism? Who are tourists? Regardless of the fact that both ground have now been part of the English language for everyplace two centuries, there is still no universally acknowledged effective description for either. For over many decades, researchers and practitioners have produced many precise definitions for both tourist and tourism but no definition of either term has become widely recognised. According to Smith (1988), he suggests that there probably never will be a single definition of tourism as economists, psychologists and geographers perceive certain things about tourism in their field (Smith 1988 as cited in Leiper 19953). However, any approach to defining tourism can be useful for the persons proposing it and for those who perceive the world in the subjective way. In this essay, academic a uthors such as Krapf and Hunziker (1942), Stear (2005) and McIntosh and Goeldner (1977) each define tourism in different methodical approaches. After discussing tourism, the focus because shifts to tourists where again, Stear (2005), Leiper (1979) and Weaver and Lawton (2006), defines tourists and its heuristic concepts. One of the first attempts to define tourism was that of two Swiss academics, Professors Hunziker and Krapf of Berne University. They defined tourism in a 1942 study as a complex of environmental impacts the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent home and are not connected to any earning activity. This definition has been acknowledged by many international associations including the International Association of Scientific Experts on Tourism (AIEST). The advantages of this definition are is acknowledgements of wide-ranging impacts it bases a very large number of issues that is studied under the name tourism. Additionally, Krapf and Hunzikers definition is highly intellectual as they manage to distinguish tourism from migration however its theory is based on travel and stay making an assumption that this is necessary for tourism, thus preventing day tours. date the definitions approach is reasonable, the definition is noticeably too vague (Leiper, 1995 17) as it includes a huge amount of human activity that few view individuals would regard as coming within the scope of tourism. Because of their broad definition on tourism, prisoners, hospital patients, boarding students and soldiers at war can easily exit in the definition, thus exposing a major defect.

Loneliness and Unrequited Love in James Joyces Dubliners Essays

Repetitive routines, and mundane details of everyday life characterize the lives of Joyces Dubliners and trap them with frustration, restraint, and violence. Routines affect the characters who face difficult predicaments, but it also affects characters who begin slight open conflict in their lives. The most consistent consequences of following mundane routines are loneliness and unrequited love. The consistency of these Dubliners lives through the stories, effectively traps them, preventing them from organism receptive to new experiences and happiness.At the beginning of the twentieth century, chances for marriage in Ireland were slim. Gabriel and Gretta Conroy in The Dead,are the only married couple at the Morkin sisters Christmas party. While Mr. Duffy in A Painful Case, and Maria in Clay, who both live alone, certainly illustrate the emptiness of isolation, two married characters also seem upon consideration to be just as isolated. Mr. Duffys obsession with his predictable life costs him a golden chance at love.In Eveline, the young girl has a chance to save herself from a life of poverty but cannot move, as if she was trapped, when her chance to flee arrives. She is trapped by her poverty that makes her family dependent upon her economically and kindly conventions that insure she will care for her family even though her father is abusive and keeps all her money. She will live out her life in poverty, as her gravel did, making thankless sacrifices for all until she too loses her mind that life of commonplace sacrifices closing in craziness (28). Mr. Doran, in The Boarding House, has been tricked into marriage by Mrs. Mooney the full of the celibate warned him to hold back(52). He does not love Pol... ...ad are more alive to many than the living. Gabriel Conroys final, stark self-evaluation serves to crystallize the very essence of this unilateral paralysis in a few finely honed sentences. He realizes that, trapped as he is, he is incapable of real passion, real emotion He had never felt like that himself towards any woman but he knew that such a feeling must be love. He can no more apprehend this intensity of feeling any more than one whole lived such a life could perceive the wayward and flickering existence he shares with the hosts of the dead. He feels his own boring identity fading out, yet feels nothing. He can only stare at the individual, unique snowflakes that hit his window, but cannot enter his little world. The image of the snowflake is soon faded into the grey shapeless mass of snow. His stories depict Dublin as a place conducive to self-destruction.

Reflective Report on Group Work

Reflection on assemblage influence Project Content Page Content 2 Introduction 3 The classify 3 My reference in the Group 4 Difficult encountered during the conclave ladder 5 The Presentation 7 end point 8 References 9 Introduction When effective run acrossing management and high organisation skills be applied, base bat whoremonger bring students a good range of skills and abilities related to people and problem solving. Group work demonstrates students capacity to communicate effectively, shargon and consider o jointions, establish trust, analyse the meeting process, resolve conflicts and excessively develop their creativity.However, the constructive learning and beneficial results does non always come as a result of host work. For instance, if the students dissolve non perceive the objective of the chemical company work in drift to achieve a common goal, or to lay back or believe that the work load can be relied on other members of the ag throng making the individual work less and still get an equal grade, the educational benefits can result in frustration and arguments as nearly as leading the whole group to a state of stress and anxiety. This essay reflects on my brace friendship towards fast Project as a bug out director, also how I contributed in interpretingandresearchingtheLushBrief,as closelyas my participation with the last-place founding.It also discusses the difficulties that emerged throughout the group work things that went good regards to the preparation and the areas that could have been improved upon. The Group A group can be delimit in various ways, for instance Charles Handy (1993, p. 150) identified a group as any collection of people who perceive themselves to be a group in order to interact with one another. The group because is likely to go through a number of complex body parts which cover forming the group, the group passing from an rudimentary invention to a mature conception then qualif ying through a variety of stages from mutual acceptance and membership to control and organisation (Culli produce, J. , 2007, p. 628)). My group went though the Tuckman structure which is defined as forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning.Forming initially the group was formed of seven students from the same(p) class. There was no deliberation as to who would be in what group. There were notwithstanding seven in the class and we were given the assignment to research the company Lush and from our findings we were to stage and run a happy and unique event on behalf of the company. In this stage, the individuals start to know the other members of the group and the group is uncertain of the prospective tasks and there are no rules for the group work leading to a want of focus and interest. At the norming stage a clearer guideline was given, individuals had the chance to choose the roles in the group and procedures were taken from there.The group consisted of a Project Director, two Logistics Managers, an Account Director, a Finance director and two Creative Directors where all had to come across to an agreement of a name for the group Essence Events and where each individual group member would pitch an idea to the rest of the group. At this stage emotion was sh proclaim and excitement expressed towards the work we had to do. A timetable for regular meetings was given to each individual of the group by the project director and at each meetings delicates were taken by one member of the group in order to keep track of the work that had been done. Then comes the performing where the team knew each other and structure and guideline were clear and cohesive.The team now focused on a common goal of developing the ideas for the Lush event. At the beginning of this stage, all members of the group were getting together regularly and were constructing and expanding ideas for the project as well as for the presentation. However, unfortunately the group did not stay this way for very long. Distraction and overlook of interest emerged bringing the whole group down to anxiety and disagreement. I as group leader was rather unsuccessful in putting the team together and in demanding more of a serious commitment from them. At this stage, the group should have been able to have delivered a successful project in the form of a presentation.Instead, all the hard work that had been done was diverted into a lack of interest and commitment resulting in a negative consequence. The final stage is the adjourning, where Essence Events group disbanded. The idea should be that the group dispersing should get together again and reflect on the group work and see what went well and what did not go well and what should we have done differently. In this case, each member of the group was asked to reflect on the group work on their own which might bring more benefit as an individual. My Role in the Group According to Culliname, J. (2007, p. 566), a leader aim to influence and guide others into act particular objectives or visions of the future and to stimulate them into waiting to follow.A project director has the same principle of leader in the sense of macrocosm able to conduct tasks successfully, maintaining teamwork and have a democratic participation leadership on the project. At the outset, as the project director I felt that I would fit into the role easily and would be able to distribute different roles to each member of the group. However, I was on a steep learning convolute where I would find out that as group leader not barely are you expected to have your own ideas to pitch to the group, but you are expected to salvage the group when an idea goes horribly wrong and the group then turns to you for guidance and a solution of how to rectify such problems. Not only was the actual academic side of the group a shock, but the outside organisation of the group proved to be tough as well.Trying to pin down each member of the gro up to turn up at a particular time at a particular place was a whole other project in itself as of course each member had other work pieces to deal with at the same time, which needed the same amount of due care and attention as the Lush event presentation required. When separating responsibilities and separate individual projects to each member of the group I was well aware that not only did the writing and research need to be done but we needed to go to Lush stores themselves in order to gather further research information to then take back to the group and compile our findings together to make a firm research file from which we could then discuss and sort what was considered to be primary information and what was secondary information.What we did was with each visit to the Lush stores we would divide up the responsibilities and each person was responsible for meeting place the respective information. The branches of research were mainly creativity, marketing, pricing, PH, promot ion and target market. For instance, the marketing section one observation that the group made is that the door to the shop was always open. This was so that the smell of the products would reach the public outside and therefore attract their attention and ultimately attract consumers into the store to purchase the Lush products. When we pitched our ideas to the group, one of the group members suggested that we should run the Lush event based on the four seasons (winter, summer, autumn and spring).Each section included the right smell of the particular season, the right colour, such as darker heavier colours for the winter seasons and brighter colours for spring and summer. We emphasised the fact that Lush does not carry out any tests on animals and that all their products are environmentally friendly and are also all natural products. Difficult encountered during the group work As with any group or team project it is inevitable that at some point throughout the time together there result be a minor or a study hurdle. This being that either one of the group members does not agree with a particular pitch or strongly disagrees with another persons idea(s). They whitethorn even simply not get along with another member of the group.In the Lush situation all group members seemed to get along at the beginning, however, soon disagreement and arguments started to emerge on the events topic and meetings. As a general rule the ideas for the project were usually chosen by the majority vote of the group. The problems that we as a group faced were ones that we would broadly expect to encounter. We as a group suffered from people not attending meetings. This could be down to lack of organisation, however, it is unlikely that this was the case as all members of the group were aware of the time, date and location of the meeting. Some members simply did not turn up and failed to let the rest of the group who had turned up know that they would not be coming.This ultimately c ould be said down to the group leader, however, the leader can only do so much as the leader cannot be expected to force other members to turn up. As leader I could only send messages, emails and give phone calls and state the importance of the meeting but, could not make the individual turn up. Another problem we faced was as mentioned forward there was a lack of interest from certain members, and this pushed its way through the group and affected others as they began to become irritated with the members of the group who, when they would turn up, not doing any work. This issue I addressed as I took the respective group members aside and both explained the situation that they were putting the group in and asked what it was in particular they were not interested in.It became apparent that it was not the idea that they were not interested in, more the fact they simply did not want to share the workload, as they would not turn up to the meetings and hence cause the other members who d id turn up to take on their work that they had not done as well as their own part of the project. Being anxious of not being able to complete the project in time for the presentation a fewer of the group members decided to starting putting the project together even though it seemed to be a dance orchestra of work to do for just a few members of the team. Just three days in the lead the presentation all group members seemed to be interested about the work again and a capacious improvement was made and the members who previously had failed to turn up, turned up to what was supposed to be the last meeting and the work was again shared equally and done for(p) .This although seemingly positive in the short term for the group project, was relatively short lived as it had come too late and there was a lot of ground to cover in order to deliver our presentation. This created the problem that there was not as much time as we had hoped for. The Presentation The last minute work reflected in our final presentation because as a result there was a distinct lack of practice for the final presentation. The problems during the actual presentation were that due to the lack of practice there was no authorized deliverance of each members part as they had not pre-read their material in front and in effect, the actual presentation was more of a reading practice than of the finished article.Our first main practice was about a few hours before the final presentation was due and this was where I as group leader had to explain that I had told the members that this was the situation that we would be in if we carried on the way we were going three weeks prior to the presentation date. This led to a select few of us being able to deliver our part in a sea captain way, however, rendering the remainder of the project unfinished. We started late as one member who was responsible for the budgeting aspect of our project had failed to complete final checks on their display and as a res ult during the presentation their part failed to initialise causing a major delay whilst they left and went to go and print off their part to present.Upon reflection, the to a higher place situations were somewhat out of my control as group leader as I could not force the members of the group to turn up and do their part, also being unable to reach the other members due to them not answering my messages or simply not answering phone calls left the rest of the group in a hard situation as we were unaware as to whether they were doing their part of the project. These issues as aforementioned were out of my control somewhat, however, I feel that my role as project director was not fully satisfied as I did not quite deliberate responsibilities as much as I might possibly have wanted to if given the same opportunity again.There were many ideas from the group at the outset of the project, however, there was no real development of these ideas and this may have been what caused the lack of guidance from the project leader. Also as group leader it is a challenging situation to be in as it is easy to be forceful and blunt at the beginning of the project, however, I chose perhaps too soft an approach for too long a period and this is what perhaps led to some of the group members failing to keep up to date. Upon reflection, we as a group did deliver our presentation however, it was not as good as what we originally thought when compiling our ideas. There was a lot of potential for the group and the idea of the Four Seasons was something that we felt as a group would enable us to succeed in our endeavours as a group.However, if I am to perform my role correctly, must shoulder the responsibility as it was up to me to have directed the ideas much more thoroughly, and if given the opportunity again, I would most definitely do so, as good judgment comes from lie with, and experience comes from bad judgment. For the final presentation, I gave the idea and it was accepted by t he group that we should use a flip chart as this mirrored the fact that Lush also used natural products. We used a lot of visual representation as we felt that this would be a much more beholder friendly method of communicating our ideas across. The pictures that we used were all from magazine cut-outs. At the presentation, we did not have just one sole speaker, each member of the group spoke on their respective areas of responsibility. Myself and another member of the group gave the main introduction to the presentation and a small introduction to each speaker.Due to the lack of practice I was very anxious and tense resulting in a bad opening and followed by the other member of the group. The timing was very consummate and the presentation ended with a simple but effective conclusion followed by answering all direct questions made by the panel. In order to have delivered a better presentation the group should have had better commitment to what the original aim of the group was at the outset of the project. Critically, the leader should have relayed a better understanding of what was expected in order to complete our presentation to a high professional standard. Conclusion According to J. F. Benson (1987, p. 1) Group work in practice refers to the conscious, disciplined, and systematic use of knowledge about the processes of collective human interaction, in order to intervene in an informed way, or put forward some desired objective in a group setting. In our groups presentation, the idea of disciplined knowledge was what we as a group failed to achieve as we were unable to have the entire group in one place every time we arranged a time to meet. Although groups generally elect a leader, there are as always exceptions to the general rule. A group is a team, a democracy, not a dictatorship. A group needs to have its own ideas and aims, so that a high level of morale is maintained throughout the group.If there is one person who decides upon everything with no concept of what it is like to function as a team, the team will fail, due to a lack of interest and commitment. A team needs to work together, else it will fall short of what a group is all about, and a team has more than one person within it. References Benson, J. F. (1987), Working more Creatively with Groups, Routledge. Brandler, S. and Roman, P. C. (1999), Group Work Skills and Strategies for Effective Interventions, 2sd Edition, The Haworth Press Inc. Culliname, J. (2007), Working in Organisations A Compilation of Resources for the University of Greenwich, 2sd Edition, A Person Custom Publication. Handy, C. (1993), Understanding Organisations, Harmondsworth, Penguin Book.

The Host Chapter 38: Touched

What do I think roughly what?About our discussion out there, Ian clarified.What did I think nigh it? I didnt know.Somehow, Ian was able to look at things from my perspective, my alien perspective. He thought I had earned a refine to my life.But he was jealous? Of Jared?He knew what I was. He knew I was just a tiny creature fused into the dorsum of Melanies brain. A worm, as Kyle had verbalise. Yet purge Kyle thought Ian had a crush on me. On me? That wasnt possible.Or did he want to know what I thought approximately Jared? My feelings on the experiment? much details about my responses to physical contact? I shuddered.Or my thoughts on Melanie? Melanies thoughts on their conversation? Whether I agreed with Jared about her rights?I didnt know what I thought. About any of it.I really dont know, I verbalise.He nodded. Thats understandable.Only because you are very understanding.He smiled at me. It was odd how his eyes could both sear and warm. Especially with a color that was c loser to ice than fire. They were quite warm at the moment.I give care you very much, Wanda.Im wholly just beginning to check that. I guess Im a little slow.Its a surprise to me, too.We both thought that over.He pursed his lips. And I suppose that is one of the things you dont know how you feel about?No. I mean yes, I dont know. I I -Thats okay. You digestnt had long to think about it. And it must seem strange.I nodded. Yes. More than strange. Impossible.Tell me something, Ian said after a moment.If I know the answer.Its non a hard question.He didnt ask it right a path. Instead, he reached across the narrow space and picked up my establish. He held it in both of his for a moment, and then he trailed the fingers of his left tip over slowly up my arm, from my wrist to my shoulder. Just as slowly, he pulled them acantha again. He looked at the skin of my arm rather than my face, watching the goose bumps that formed along the path of his fingers.Does that feel good or bad to you ? he asked.Bad, Melanie insisted.But it doesnt hurt, I protested.Thats not what hes asking. When he ordinates good Oh, its the the likes of talking to a childIm not even a year old, you know. Or am I now? I was sidetracked, trying to figure out the date.Melanie was not distracted. Good, to him, means the office it feels when Jared touches us. The memory she provided was not one from the caves. It was in the magic canyon, at sunset. Jared stood behind her and let his hands follow the shape of her arms, from her shoulders to her wrists. I shivered at the pleasure of the simple touch. Like that.Oh.Wanda?Melanie says bad, I whispered.What do you say?I say I dont know.When I could meet his eyes, they were warmer than I expected. I cant even imagine how confusing this all must be to you.It was comforting that he understood. Yes. Im confused.His hand traced up and down my arm again. Would you like me to stop?I hesitated. Yes, I decided. That what youre doing makes it hard for me to thin k. And Melanie is angry at me. That also makes it hard to think.Im not angry at you. Tell him to leave.Ian is my friend. I dont want him to leave.He leaned away, folding his arms across his chest.I dont suppose shed give us a minute alone?I laughed. I doubt it.Ian tilted his head to one side, his expression speculative.Melanie Stryder? he asked, addressing her.We both started at the name.Ian went on. Id like the chance to speak with Wanda privately, if you dont mind. Is there any way that could be arranged?Of all the nerve You tell him I said no chance in hell I do not like this man.My nose wrinkled up.What did she say?She said no. I tried to say the wrangle as gently as they could be said. And that she doesnt like you.Ian laughed. I can respect that. I can respect her. Well, it was worth a try. He sighed. Kind of puts a damper on things, having an audience.What things? Mel growled.I grimaced. I didnt like feeling her anger. It was so much more(prenominal) vicious than mine.Get use d to it.Ian put his hand on my face. Ill let you think about things, okay? So you can decide how you feel.I tried to be objective about that hand. It was soft against my face. It matte nice. Not like when Jared touched me. But also varied from the way it felt when Jamie hugged me. Other.It might take a while. None of this makes any sense, you know, I told him.He grinned. I know.I realized, when he smiled then, that I cute him to like me. The rest-the hand on my face, the fingers on my arm-I still wasnt sure at all about those. But I wanted him to like me, and to think kind things about me. Which is why it was hard to tell him the truth.You dont really feel that way about me, you know, I whispered. Its this body Shes pretty, isnt she?He nodded. She is. Melanie is a very pretty girl. Even beautiful. His hand locomote to touch my bad cheek, to stroke the rough, scarring skin with gentle fingers. In spite of what Ive done to her face.Normally, I would have denied that automatically. Reminded him that the wounds on my face werent his fault. But I was so confused that my head was spinning and I couldnt form a coherent sentence.Why should it bother me that he thought Melanie was beautiful?Youve got me there. My feelings were no clearer to her than they were to me.He brushed my hair back from my forehead.But, pretty as she is, shes a stranger to me. Shes not the one I care about.That made me feel better. Which was even more confusing.Ian, you dont Nobody here separates us the way they should. Not you, not Jamie, not Jeb. The truth came out in a rush, more heated than Id meant it to be. You couldnt care about me. If you could hold me in your hand, me, you would be disgusted. You would throw me to the ground and grind me under your foot.His pale forehead creased as his black brows pulled to stick aroundher. I not if I knew it was you.I laughed without humor. How would you know? You couldnt tell us a articulation.His mouth turned down.Its just the body, I repeated.T hats not true at all, he disagreed. Its not the face, but the expressions on it. Its not the voice, but what you say. Its not how you look in that body, but the things you do with it. You are beautiful.He moved forward as he spoke, kneeling beside the bed where I lay and taking my hand again in both of his.Ive never known anyone like you.I sighed. Ian, what if Id get by here in Magnolias body?He grimaced and then laughed. Okay. Thats a good question. I dont know.Or Wess?But youre female-you yourself are.And I always request whatever a planets equivalent is. It seems more right. But I could be put into a man and I would function just fine.But youre not in a mans body.See? Thats my point. Body and soul. Two dissimilar things, in my case.I wouldnt want it without you.You wouldnt want me without it.He touched my cheek again and left his hand there, his thumb under my jaw. But this body is part of you, too. Its part of who you are. And, unless you change your mind and turn us all in, i ts who you impart always be.Ah, the finality of it. Yes, I would die in this body. The final death.And I will never live in it again, Melanie whispered.Its not how either of us planned our future, is it?No. Neither of us planned to have no future.Another cozy conversation? Ian guessed.Were thinking of our mortality.You could live forever if you left us.Yes, I could. I sighed. You know, humans have the shortest life span of any species Ive ever been, except the Spiders. You have so little time.Dont you think, then Ian paused and leaned closer to me so that I couldnt seem to see anything around his face, just snow and sapphire and ink. That maybe you should make the close of what time you have? That you should live while youre alive?I didnt see it coming the way I had with Jared. Ian was not as familiar to me. Melanie realized what he was going to do before I did, just a second before his lips touched mine.NoIt wasnt like kissing Jared. With Jared, there was no thought, only desire . No control. A spark to gasoline-inevitable. With Ian, I didnt even know what I felt. Everything was muddled and confused.His lips were soft and warm. He pressed them only lightly to mine, and then brushed them back and forth across my mouth.Good or bad? he whispered against my lips.Bad Bad, badI-I cant think. When I moved my mouth to speak, he moved his with it.That sounds good.His mouth pressed down with more force now. He caught my lower lip between his and pulled on it gently.Melanie wanted to hit him-so much more than shed wanted to punch Jared. She wanted to shove him away and then kick his face. The image was horrible. It conflicted jarringly with the sensation of Ians kiss.Please, I whispered.Yes?Please stop. I cant think. Please.He sat back at once, clasping his hands in front of him. Okay, he said, his tone cautious.I pressed my hands against my face, wishing I could push out Melanies anger.Well, at least(prenominal) nobody punched me. Ian grinned.She wanted to do more t han that. Ugh. I dont like it when shes mad. It hurts my head. Anger is so ugly.Why didnt she?Because I didnt lose control. She only breaks free when Im overwhelmed.He watched as I kneaded my forehead.Calm down, I begged her. Hes not touching me.Has he forgotten that Im here? Doesnt he care? This is me, its meI tried to explain that.What about you? nominate you forgotten Jared?She threw the memories at me the way shed done in the beginning, only this time they were like blows. A thousand punches of his smile, his eyes, his lips on mine, his hands on my skinOf race not. Have you forgotten that you dont want me to love him?Shes talking to you.Yelling at me, I corrected.I can tell now. I can see you compress on the conversation. I never noticed before today.Shes not always this vocal.I am sorry, Melanie, he said. I know this must be unrealistic for you.Again, she visualized smashing her foot into his sculpted nose, leaving it crooked like Kyles. Tell him I dont want his apologies.I winced.Ian half smiled, half grimaced. She doesnt accept.I move my head.So she can break free? If youre overwhelmed?I shrugged. Sometimes, if she takes me by surprise and Im too emotional. Emotion makes it hard to concentrate. But its been more difficult for her lately. Its like the admission between us is locked. I dont know why. I tried to let her out when Kyle - I stopped talking abruptly, grinding my teeth together.When Kyle tried to turn thumbs down you, he finished matter-of-factly. You wanted her free? Why?I just stared at him.To fight him? he guessed.I didnt answer.He sighed. Okay. Dont tell me. Why do you think the door is locked?I frowned. I dont know. Maybe the time passing It worries us.But she broke through before, to punch Jared.Yes. I shuddered at the memory of my fist striking his jaw.Because you were overwhelmed and emotional?Yes.What did he do? Just kiss you?I nodded.Ian flinched. His eyes tightened.What? I asked. Whats wrong?When Jared kisses you, you are ove rwhelmed by emotion.I stared at him, upset by the expression on his face. Melanie enjoyed it. Thats rightHe sighed. And when I kiss you you arent sure if you like it. You are not overwhelmed.Oh. Ian was jealous. How very strange this world was. Im sorry.Dont be. I told you Id give you time, and I dont mind waiting for you to think things through. I dont mind that at all.What do you mind? Because he minded something very much.He took a deep breath and blew it out slowly. I saw how you loved Jamie. That was always really obvious. I guess I should have seen that you loved Jared, too. Maybe I didnt want to. It makes sense. You came here for the two of them. You love them both, the same way Melanie did. Jamie like a brother. And JaredHe was aspect away, staring at the wall over me. I had to look away, too. I stared at the sunlight where it touched the red door.How much of that is Melanie? he wanted to know.I dont know. Does it matter?I could barely hear his answer. Yes. It does to me. Without looking at me or seeming to notice what he was doing, Ian took my hand again.It was very quiet for a minute. Even Melanie was still. That was nice.Then, as though a switch had been flipped, Ian was his ruler self again. He laughed.Time is on my side, he said, grinning. Weve got the rest of our lives in here. One day youll wonder what you ever saw in Jared.In your dreams.I laughed with him, happy he was joking again.Wanda? Wanda, can I come in?Jamies voice started from down the hall and, accompanied by the sound of his jogging steps, cease right outside the door.Of course, Jamie.I already had my hand held out to him before he shrugged the door aside. I hadnt seen him nearly enough lately. Unconscious or crippled, I hadnt been free to seek him out.Hey, Wanda Hey, Ian Jamie was all grins, his messy hair bouncing when he moved. He headed for my reaching hand, but Ian was in his way. So he settled for posing on the edge of my mattress and resting his hand on my foot. How are yo u feeling?Better.Hungry yet? Theres beef jerky and corn on the cob I could get you some.Im okay for now. How are you? I havent seen you much lately.Jamie made a face. Sharon gave me detention.I smiled. What did you do?Nothing. I was totally framed. His innocent expression was a bit overdone, and he quickly changed the subject. Guess what? Jared was saying at lunch that he didnt think it was fair for you to have to move out of the room you were used to. He said we werent being good hosts. He said you should move back in with me Isnt that great? I asked him if I could tell you right away, and he said that was a good idea. He said you would be in here.Ill bet he did, Ian murmured.So what do you think, Wanda? We get to be roomies againBut Jamie, where will Jared squelch?Wait-let me guess, Ian interrupted. I bet he said the room was big enough for three. Am I right?Yeah. How did you know?Lucky guess.So thats good, isnt it, Wanda? It will be just like before we came hereIt felt sort of l ike a razor sliding between my ribs when he said that-too clean and minute a pain to be compared to a blow or a break.Jamie analyzed my tortured expression with alarm. Oh. No, I mean but with you, too. It will be nice. The four of us, right?I tried to laugh through the pain it didnt hurt any worse than not laughing.Ian squeezed my hand.The four of us, I mumbled. Nice.Jamie crawled up the mattress, worming his way around Ian, to put his arms around my neck.Sorry. Dont be sad.Dont worry about it.You know I love you, too.So sharp, so piercing, the emotions of this planet. Jamie had never said those words to me before. My whole body suddenly felt a few degrees warmer.So sharp, Melanie agreed, wincing at her own pain.Will you come back? Jamie begged against my shoulder.I couldnt answer right away.What does Mel want? he asked.She wants to live with you, I whispered. I didnt have to check to know that.And what do you want?Do you want me to live with you?You know I do, Wanda. Please.I hesi tated.Please?If thats what you want, Jamie. Okay.Woo hoo Jamie crowed in my ear. Cool Im gonna go tell Jared Ill get you some food, too, okay? He was already on his feet, bouncing the mattress so that I felt it in my ribs.Okay.You want something, Ian?Sure, kid. I want you to tell Jared hes shameless.Huh?Never mind. Go get Wanda some lunch.Sure. And Ill ask Wes for his extra bed. Kyle can come back in here, and everything will be like it should bePerfect, Ian said, and though I didnt look at his face, I knew he was rolling his eyes.Perfect, I whispered, and felt the razors edge again.

Adoption and Identity Formation

Adoption has umteen effects on families identity formation is one the most chief(prenominal) stages that a child has to form during the ages of adolescence. It is a lifelong process but it is mainly formed between the ages of 13 to 18. Forming an identity can be rattling difficult for an adopted child because leaving all the struggles that they exit be already facing, the formation of identity will add another conflict in their lives. Parents can help adopted children by establishing a sense of identity and by exposing them to cultural background.If a child has issues or problems when forming their identity, than they might end up being in identity confusion. In this research, the main question that is going to be answered is How des Adoption Affect Identity Formation in a Negative way? The adoptive parents do not usually think of identity formation of the adopted child, they try to make their kids get assimilated into the new surroundings and encourage them to totally forget about their past which disables them to answer the question Who am I.It is also a fact that the usage of drug and inebriant are seen very often on adopted adolescents. The focus in this literature review is going to be on the adopted adolescents and their process of identity formation. The main methods that will be implemented in this research will be conducting interviews, collecting surveys and making group observations. There will be many limitations while conducting my research. First of all, a detailed study cannot be done due to the shortage of time.There are also not much quantitative research groups and the participants are very limited. Solutions to these limitations could be getting started as soon as possible to not be worried about the limitation of time. Finding decorous participants to complete my survey would also be helpful. Interviews are also a huge contribution and even though the sample groups are limited, there will be enough participants that are going to be taken into consideration.

Alcohol and Family Violence Essay

Alcohol and family Violence has been an issues with families for many years, these argon two demons that rough just can buoyt break, families hold been experiencing the traumatic of ones fleshly insubordinate actions. Alcohol has bring ones stress comforter in all views that it began to take over ones way of thinking and reaction, this is ways individuals prove their evil thoughts and the sad thing it that the jest at of inebriant has a domino effect on their nestlingrens as they become adults and provokes later in life. If community members understand violence differently, their responses whitethorn be uneven and even harmful to victims. (Advocate. Minnesota, (2003)). Almost 6,500 children across the world be in possession of been a victim of family violence which leads up to being in a single stir home, One in three children globally (30%) said as leader of their country they would tackle violence by improving law and order.For children in maturation countries, imp roving education (17%) was the next priority (comp ard with just 6% of children in developed countries). (2003). youngster Fund.) Finally, a 1991 study in the United States found that the mediocre amount of alcohol consumed prior to the use of violence was only a few drinks, which suggests that the act of drinking may be more related to woman abuse than the effect of alcohol. Two a nonher(prenominal) studies indicate that drug use is more strongly correlated to domestic violence than is alcohol. (2003). Child Fund.) Improving their self-esteem, they abuse the victim physically, emotionally, and almosttimes, sexually. A nonher key factor in wife abuse is alcohol. When the man is stressed, he turns to alcohol to relieve it. Little does he know that the alcohol makes him more irritable? He started really drinking excessively and that is when the abuse started. He had been drinking I sat down to read the paper and he wanted his supper . . . he kicked the cat to the ceiling, he sta rted slapping my face with both hands, (Berger, 1990, pg. 42).So, if youre in an abusive relationship what is the best way to set approximately out and plosive consonant of the battering abuse? After notorious acts of abuse, usually, the woman will finally realize that the situation will neer get better. Basically there ar three basic reasons why women leave a violent relationship Educated themselves about the necessary available help, being faced with the impact on their children ( morally, physical, sexually and courage to know when enough is enough) and women having a tolerance level of abuse. (Berger, 1990, pg. 48). Family Violence is Willfully or knowingly placing, or attempting to place, a family member in fear of hurt, causing hurt, wrongful confinement or restraint against the family members will or continual harassment which causes anguish.. A family member can be your spouse or ex-spouse, child (including adopted and step child), sibling, parent or in-law. Now there ar e many factors that contribute to family violence, the most unremarkably seen are the characteristics of the do by and the abuser. on that point is no one specific country or culture that is more abusive than another, abuse is spread across countries, cultures, socio-economic statuses, races, righteousness and ethnic groups (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott & Kennedy, 2009). For example, one may be very educated and well-kept but if unable to control behavior caused by emotions, he may be abusive. While if one may be poor and lowly educated, if he is well controlled in his behaviors and emotions, he will then not be abusive. more(prenominal) often, in cases of child abuse, the abuser usually a parent, father or mother, could be one who may be in situations of stress or person who simply cannot control their emotions, anger. In a paper written by Professor Harry J. Gaynor (1998), in 1,356 cases of child abuse reported by case Burn Victim Foundation, there were 176 spontaneous cases, of which 97% of them are parents that are known to have self-asserting response behavior.There are two kinds of aggressive response, active and passive. Active aggressive behaviors do not have concern over the impact that anger will have to the abused, this translates to actions of hurting the abused verbally, could be hurling hurtful words, humiliating, and physically, hitting the abused. While the passive aggressive response behaviors are those that have cooped up, suppressing negative emotions of a length of time and a fluff up or breakdown can be expected, this translates to behavior of neglect and not paying attention to the abused (Gaynor, 1998). Children are victims of adults uncontrollable behavior of anger. As much as we blame abusers, and we should look at their background and past, that when they were children were tormented as well. Baltimore County, Maryland Police Department (2012),shared some facts about child abusing inmates, that 84% of them were abused as children, families with more than iv children have higher rates of abused and neglect, more than 80% of the abusers are parent or someone the child is pissed to and parents on drugs is physically abused regularly.There are parental histories and the cycle of abuse that we have to factor into the characteristics of the abuser. more of these individuals who are maltreating their own children were victims of abuse and neglect themselves. (Goldman et al., 2003). There is no major difference in percentage of perpetrators being female or male. An apparent close percentage of 50% and 58% of mothers and fathers are found to abuse their own children. However, while single mothers are accused of child neglect, many fathers who abandon the child are almost never considered in the neglect (Newton, 2001). Abuse often happen in environment or family situation where it is overcrowded, usually happens with families with more than four children. If the living conditions are cramped and isolated and parents do not hold proper stable jobs, the chances of abuse in those families, whether parent-child or sibling abuse may occur (Baltimore County, Maryland Police Department, 2012).From the Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders (n.d.), some causes of abuse at times are simply due to parents ignorance of develop intellectual stages. This ignorance can lead to frustration and eventually aggressive behaviors. They are under stress because their child has issues with toilet training or not meeting their expectations. judgement developmental stages can help parents to understand their childs learning curve better and they will learn to cope with their expectation. Another cause is mental disorders, parent with depression, personality disorders or anxiety disorder etc., can affect their ability to care for their children. The abused, children as the focus, can contribute toward family violence toward themselves and they may never know it. Disabled children, children with mental disorders, children w ith development disorders, hyperactive children are all at a higher risk compared to a healthy child in receiving abuse.These children have needs that are special, if they do not attain required needs, manner of communication from them can be highly distressing. According to Sullivan (1996) from the Boys Town depicted object Research Hospital, children with disabilities are found to be at greater risk of abuse and neglect compared to children without disabilities (Official Journal of the American Academyof Pediatrics, 2001). Children with disabilities of any form may be unable to retort, have no understanding that they are abused or cannot communicate the happenings of the abuse may have issues because adults know that they can get away with it because their abuses will not be reported. Knowing one can get away with it makes it easier to push through the abuse compared to risking the child complaining to others about the abuse. Children although still the ultimate victims whether o r not they are the cause of the abuse and abused children and the abuser may have much effect in the society.There are long term effects surrounding family violence and any forms of family violence have effects to both the abused and the abuser. Some of the effects are physical and neurobiological, cognitive and emotional and social and educational. First, physical and neurological damages are the visible effects on a child, direct trauma from physical abuse can cause ruptured organs and even possible brain deformity or retardation. Neglect will cause the child to be ill-fed and/or nutritional deficit, the child will have slow growth rate and development of the physical and brain would be unhealthy. This makes deficient in mental growth as well. Repeated trauma produces changes in the neurochemistry of the brain that affects memory formation. This causes the person to will time to time continually getting flashbacks of fragmented memories of emotions throughout their life. Cognitiv e and emotional damages are relative unseen. Some children resort into extreme methods to deal with the traumatic experiences.Some lash out at plenty around them and themselves. Some become depressed and do things that make them feel better, example by taking drugs and alcohol, some even go to the extent of attempting suicide. soldering and attachments with their parents or people in general may cease and understanding of the abusing behavior might become permanent if assistance does not come. Children that have been abused in like manner show no concern when someone else is under distress, they may even result to behave in ways like hitting the other child the same way their abuser did to them (Sigelman & Rider, (2012). A social and educational effect becomes obvious when the child become less sociable or not sociable at all, isolating himself. The child may also become distrustful toward people in general making them unable to properly have a normal relationship.Due to this, the child will grow up having issues with self-esteem, have low level of confidence. Behaviorally, some children maygrow up to become abusive or they become isolated (Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders, n.d.). Some of the children who do not seek and have support to recovery may consider what they have been through has normal and appropriate. This is how the cycle of abuse goes on. Abused children are often emotionally and physically in pain at school hence they are unable to concentrate at what they have to do, leading to them falling behind their grades.They find it hard to make friends and hence either become a ruffle or get bullied at school as well. Because of this, teachers at school might see them as a problematic child if they are not aware of the happenings that are going on at home. With society (school) labeling them as problematic and being abused at home by parents they are presumable to feel rejected by everyone. Intervention as a Human Services Professional I would sugge st that all family members seek counseling to express all issues and get to the root cause of the problem. When children are involved seeing a therapist with the family and without the parents would be one of my intervention to help their family, I would also have the parents go to parenting classes.ResourceAdvocate. Minnesota, (2003).Alcohol and Domestic Violence. www.umn.edu/hutments/svaw/ domestic/link/alcohol.htm Attorney-Generals Chambers (31 October 2009). Interpretation of this Part. In Womens Charter (Chapter 353, Section 64). Retrieved from http//statutes.agc.gov.sgBaltimore County, Maryland. (2 January 2013). Facts About Child Abuse. Retrieved from http//www.baltimorecountymd.gov/Agencies/police/community/abuse.html (2003). Child Fund. www.childfund.org.av/publication/new-childfund-survey-fines-assive-kids-blame-alcohol-number-one-cause-violence Gaynor, H. J. (1998). The Root of Child Abuse Anger. Retrieved from http//www.aaets.org/article63.htmGoldman, J., Salus, M. K., W olcott, D., Kennedy, K. Y. (2003). A Coordinated Response to Child Abuse and Neglect The Foundation for Practice. Retrieved from https//www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/usermanuals/ creation/foundatione.cfm

Cuyahoga River

Daniel Groves Environmental Geology Case Study November 22, 2011 Cuyahoga River Fires In the United States, a concerted effort is underway to reduce water taint and thereby improve water quality. (Keller) A case history of river taint is the Cuyahoga River located in Northeastern Ohio. The river is 100 miles long flowing south to Cuyahoga F every goal(predicate)s where it then turns north until it empties into Lake Erie. Cleveland and Akron are two major cities located along the river. The Cuyahoga is k directlyn as an infant glacial river, this is because it is one of the youngest river created from the melting of the glaciers.It is estimated that the river is about 13,000 year old. The story of the Cuyahoga is one with many lows and lasts. The apprizes being the lows new legislation and organizations formed to clean up and then prevent this from happening to other rivers being the highs. The name Cuyahoga comes from native-born American word meaning crooked river. The river was very useful to early Native Americans it allowed for easy transportation and plenty of food. The river supported all types of wildlife that the natives would kill for their furs.Just as the Cuyahoga was useful for Native Americans, the European settlers used it in many of the same ways. aboriginal European fur traders may have played a large part in the demise of the Cuyahoga. Many hunters would set up trading stance along the river. During the War of 1812 the Native American had been displace by the new settlers. The Cuyahoga River Basin was a desirable area for most settlers. The Founding Fathers knew that the area that is now Ohio would be of great importance. They knew that the Cuyahoga was the prime spot because the river empties into Lake Erie.Soon large steel and rubber industries would build factories that produced tremendous amounts of untreated chase aways. These industries are characterized by heavy manufacturing activity and an jet of production. The pollution th at was produced by these industries caused the river to be unsafe. The Cuyahoga River has had many fires over the years. The first fire in 1936 was rumored to be started by a blow torch spark. In 1952 a fire caused a million dollars worth of damage to river boats and riverfront businesses.On June 22, 1969 another river fire engulfed the river, this time the media coverage captured the attention of the nation. Time Magazine described the Cuyahoga as the river that oozes sort of that flows and in which a person doesnt drown but decays. Many of the residents of Cleveland accepted the pollution as a necessary evil because they had jobs at these factories. This article helped the people of Cleveland pass a 100 million dollar bond to clean up the Cuyahoga River. Much of the industry that both made Cleveland rich and caused its river to trim may never be coming back.The costs of these fires were tremendous, but it did help lead to laws being passed to prevent this from happening in othe r rivers. One such(prenominal) law was the Clean Water fiddle of 1972. The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary federal law in which the US governs water pollution. The Act states the objectives of eliminating rel relaxation methods of high amounts of toxic substances into water. The CWA made it unlawful to dump toxic materials into navigable, waters unless given a permit. The permit is given through the EPAs National Pollutant Discharge settlement System.The purpose of The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System is to regulate point sources that flow into bodies of water. The Clean Water Act has been changed over the years because of the development of technology. some other was the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement is a document constructed to keep the physical and biological integrity of the Great Lakes and the environ regions. It also includes many objectives and processes to maintain the integrity that was outlined in the d ocument.According to the 13th biennial reports on Great Lakes Water Quality December 2006, We further rely that such mount up depends, to a very substantial extent, on whether the Parties and other levels of government, working together, create the means by which they can be held accountable for progress toward achieving the objectives of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. (Commission) Another Organization that was formed as a result of the Cuyahoga River fires is the Cuyahoga River Remedial Action Plan or RAP. RAP was created in 1988 by Ohio EPA as a community based program aimed at restoring the Cuyahoga River.Their goals are to inform the community of the effects of pollution and to work with industries to stop the pollution of the river. The RAP is a proven resource for bringing together technical knowledge, stakeholders and local officials in a supportive setting to develop and implement effective solutions for restoring our local streams. (Erie Brand Streams and Riv ers) It is amazing how a river catching fire opens the eyes of so many people. It took Time Magazine to scare a nation into do something about individuals and companies dumping untreated waste into rivers and lakes.When more people realized what these industries were doing to their hometown, they took action. Even though things for the Cuyahoga and the Great Lakes are improving there is still more to be done. Works Cited Commission, International Joint. 13th Biennial Report On Great Lakes Water Quality. 2006. Erie Brand Streams and Rivers, . Operations and Maintenance. Epa. gov. CRCPO, Nov 2003. Web. 21 Nov 2011. . Keller, Edward A. Introduction To Environmental Geology. 4th. scholar Hall, 2008.Cuyahoga RiverThe Cuyahoga River The Cuyahoga River is located in northeastern Ohio running through the major cities of Cleveland and Akron. The river is 100 miles long and empties into Lake Erie. It was give tongue to to be formed by the advancement and retreat of deoxyephedrine sheets d uring the ice age. The final retreat caused the river to flow north ward which had flowed southward before. (Michael) In more recent times, the Cuyahoga River was known as the river that caught fire. This is because the river was polluted from industrial companies spilling their waste into the river during the late 1880s all the way up to the mid 1900s.The river had a top layer of oil coating it which got thicker as years went by. People who worked on the river had a goal of not falling overboard into the river. One Cleveland mayor, Rensselaer R. Herrick, of the 1880s even stated, It is a sewer that runs through the heart of the city. (Michael & The) The river was so polluted that it was identical a cauldron to most. Even rats had been seen flowing trim the river. Residents uprise Cleveland said they could feel the pollution. (Michael) Richard Ellers was a resident in Cleveland. He states, Back in the 60s I went on a news excursion on the river downtown to show how bad the poll ution was. I remember we could see a layer of skank on the water but didnt appreciate its thickness of the pollution on Cuyahoga River until I dipped my hand into it. (Cuyahoga) The river was devastating to live by, but much worse to be around. It was so contaminated that it caught on fire multiple times. The fires had started ever since 1868. River fires became the most occurring incidents on the river. These occurrences quickly gave Cleveland a tarnished name and a realization for all about how unclean the river really was. Michael & The) As the dirty river got worse over time, so did the fires. The Cuyahoga River fire of 1969 happened in June of that year beside Campbell Road in southeastern Cleveland near the Republic Steel Mill. (Michael) There were large amounts of debris soaked of oil that were just waiting to all burn up in flames one day. It was said to be either sparked by a passing train or molten steel. (Ohio & The) The fire grew enough for flames to be leaping up fro m the water. (Michael) It couldve burned down Cleveland if not tamed.It was swiftly doused by local firefighting tugboat crews. It was safe to know that it did not cause maximum damage or any fatality. Fortunately, it was also the last river fire to happen. (Ohio & The) This incident became known all over the country. The U. S. was becoming more eco aware of the environment. Cleveland started taking strides in protecting the river and cleaning it up. Residents passed a bond that given 100 million dollars to clean it up. Cleveland was still the symbol of environmental degradation even though it was taking steps towards pollution control though. Ohio) The thick pollution on the water and the fire became a convenient example of what bad really is, said Frank Samsel, whose company aided in early 1970s cleanup spot efforts. And the more you talked down about how terrible it was, the more the press and news jumped on it. But it also made people aware of the fact that things could be dif ferent. Cleveland was wide awake about how bad they let things get. (Cuyahoga) Time magazine wrote an article about the incident which put pressure on Cleveland about salutary regulation.They already had enough pressure due to their bad reputation about the unhygienic river. (Ohio) Mayor, Carl Stokes, started to become very active in the situation. He could see how it stirred the city and used that to make positive changes. (Cuyahoga) Carl Stokes brother got involved as well. US representative, Louis Stokes, urged federal involvement. The legislature passed the National Environment security Act (NEPA) which was signed into law Jan 1st, 1970. It was an act that formed the agency Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which led to the put forth of the Clean Water Act of 1972.It mandates that all rivers in the United States to be hygienic enough to allow mass amounts of swimmers and look for in the water by 1983. (Cuyahoga & The) The progress became very detectable to not only the residents near the Cuyahoga River, but to the country as well. (The) The legislature had invested 3. 5 billion into the purification of the river and new sewer systems. (Ohio) The Cuyahoga River became safer and residents felt at ease again. Most importantly, the country was educated and thought more about the environment in which they lived in. Michael) The Cuyahoga River of 1969 brought positive change after all. The U. S hasnt seen a river fire since 1969. The water quality improved greatly. (The) Today, it is a playground to fish and swim in like most rivers. The river is now home to 60 different species of fish as well. The river fire reshaped Cleveland and the realities of life. (Ohio) Bibliography Michael Rotman, Cuyahoga River Fire, Cleveland Historical, accessed February 25, 2013, http//clevelandhistorical. org/items/show/63 Ohio History Central An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History Ohio Historical Society. Ohio History Central An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History O hio Historical Society. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. . Cuyahoga River fire 40 years ago ignited an ongoing cleanup campaign cleveland. com. Cleveland OH Local News, Breaking News, Sports & Weather cleveland. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. . The return of the Cuyahoga. Dir. Lawrence R. Hott. Perf. Cleveland. Ideastream , 2008. DVD.

DBQ for AP World History

he printing press was transformed by Johann Gutenberg, a German goldsmith, and more than 8 million books were printed in Hesperian Europe betwixt 1456 and 1500. This invention had an effect with the Protestant Reformation. It not plainly furthered the knowledge of geography, but it also expanded knowledge throughout the countries and whether you were wealthy or poor, printing made books avail competent to the common public.By 1560, many people were either Catholic, Protestant, or mixed (Doc. 5). Non-Catholic Western European Christians were the followers of Luther. Luthers goal was to wake debate around the issue of indulgences. He believed that is was wrong how the churches would encourage indulgences onto the people. Written in one of the 95 Theses, if people bought indulgences, then they would be eternally blamed and becaexercising of the printing press, the 95 Theses were known throughout Europe (Doc. 3). Luther would compare criminals to the Popes to get his point across. In history 4, Luther utilize the word robbers.Robbers steal and he used this word against the popes. The popes were taking money from the people in exchange of an indulgence. Lucas Cranach, a close friend of Luther, made a woodcut to demonstrate not only the comparison between a pope and Jesus, but also how money was a key factor (Doc. 4). Having a point of view from a Catholic German pope in 1521 could give details and evidence of how indulgences were for the better of the people and not for the pope himself.In 1471, the printing press was not known widely. somewhat thirty years later, the invention spread and along with it was a letter (Doc. 2). Christopher Columbus wrote about his experience of inhabited islands he found in the letter and because of the printing press, his letter spread throughout Western Europe (Doc. 6). He wrote this to keep the king of Spain updated and to let the public know his findings. Columbus was a proficient voyager. He wanted to find new routes and to bring back goods. In 1489, Martellus, a German, was able to create a world map and Columbus was able to improve the map accurately with his travels.Then almost a hundred years later, Abraham Ortelius, a German, was able to create an accurate world map (Doc. 7). In document 6, it is noted that Columbus was believed to have written most of the letter coming back from America. Having a statement from an eyewitnessboarding Christophers vessel between 1492 and 1493 could provide a detailed or accurate description on when he wrote the letter.At first, a scribe would be writing a book by hand from the dictation of a scholar. Then in the mid-1500s, print shops would be built (Doc. 1). Just like the evolving of printing and books, knowledge was expanded and it evolved as well. Isaac northward was able to use previous knowledge of other scholars to become a mathematician himself. He was able to make the world more understanding by expanding on other philosophers like Galileo (Doc. 10).And other scientific individuals were able to do that as well. For example, Johannes Kepler described how lenses work and was able to create an astronomical telescope. After him, Robert Hooke was able to use a microscope to further his observations (Doc. 10). Everything was wrote down and because of the printing press, things got to be published. Publishers were able to print books in different languages and this expanded the ancient ideas even more (Doc. 8). When the books were open to the general public, the ideas spread quickly on a grand scale (Doc. 9).The printing press helped people understand better. It helped Luther spread his opinions throughout Europe and it resulted in Protestant Reformation. Printing furthered geography and it evolved and expanded knowledge. The printing press was able to write things down permanently for all to see and read now and then.

The Tramp

NO PLACE FOR A WOMAN The Australian author Barbara Baynton had her get-go short fiction published under the designation The Tramp in 1896 in the Christmas edition of the Bulletin. Founded in Sydney in 1880, the Bulletin was instrumental in developing the idea of Australian nationalism. It was origin on the squ bey a popular commercial weekly rather than a literary magazine exactly in the 1890s, with the literary connoisseur A. G. Stephens as its editor, it was to be follow aroundthing wish a national literary club for a new multiplication of hold openrs (Carter 263).Stephens published work by valet de chambrekindy young Australian sources, including the short written report generator henry Lawson and the poet Banjo Paterson and in 1901 he celebrated Miles Franklins My Brilliant C atomic number 18er as the archetypical Australian novel. 2 Stephens deemed her too divulgespoken for an Australian audience (Schaffer 154). She was unable to find a publishing company i n Sydney volition to print her stories as a collection and it was non until 1902 that six of her stories were published in London by Duckworths Greenback Library under the title pubic hair Studies. It was, on the full, re resumeed favorably.She subsequently published a novel, Hu sm further-arm Toll, in 1907 and an expanded collection of stories in 1917. Yet, although individual stories were regularly include in anthologies of Australian literature, by the sequence of her death in 1929 she was reveal k this instantn as an antiquated collector and her pile up stories were non reprinted until 1980. 3 Until the advent of feminist condemnation in the 1980s, Baynton remained a mostly forgotten sign, dismissed as a typical fe compositionnish writer who did non know how to see her emotions and who was unable to contrive her natural talent to good use.As late as 1983 Lucy Frost could talk of her unco low take pop the question of critical aw beness (65) and claim that s he relies on design In target to write well she need to write h onenessstly out of intuitive consciousness. As art it makes for let outure (65). For a long cartridge clip holding the unuttered in Bayntons stories consisted in detecting the autobiographical elements and attempting to piece unneurotic her accredited heart. She nonoriously claimed, even off to her witness children, to be the daughter non of an Irish carpenter plainly of a Bengal Lancer and in later life tried to conceal he hardship of her childhood and previous(predicate) married life. The stories were read as unbowed accounts of what it was like for a poor fair sex to live in the bush at the end of the nineteenth century. This paper argues that far from existence a natural writer whose talent does not extend to symbolism (Frost 64), Baynton is a sophisticated writer who uses obliqueness manifestly because this was the that physique of criticism open to a adult female writer in Australia a t this time. The ap equalityent softness of referees to engage with the implicit in her stories stems from an unwillingness to require her vision of life in the bush. In order to find Bayntons proficiency and why earlier referees consistently failed to sinkpret it correctly, it is important to replace her stories in the background of the literary globe in which she was working for, as Brown and Yule state, when it comes to reading the implicit Discourse is cons honest in the illuminate of past experience of similar discourse by analogy with previous similar texts (65). In 1901, the category of federation and the height of Australian ultranationalistic fervor, A. G.Stephens wrote What country back tooth offer to writers better material than Australia? We be not yet snug in cities and hamlets, molded by routine, regimented to a pattern. Every man who roams the Australian wilderness is a potential knight of Romance every man who grapples with the Australian cede for a livelihood might sing a Homeric chant of hi composition, or listen, baffled and beaten, to an Aeschylean dirge of defeat. The marvels of the adventurous be our daily common-places.The drama of the conflict between serviceman and Destiny is contend present in a scenic setting whose novelty is full of life-sustaining suggestion for the literary artist. (Ack reach, 77) 5 Women ar conspicuously absent in this definition of Australian life as they are in the work of Henry Lawson whose stories hand come to be seen as the perfective tense example of nationalistic writing. In the titles of his stories women, if they exist at every(prenominal), are seen as appendages of men The Drovers Wife, The Selectors Daughter. They are be at best by their physical characteristics That Pretty young muliebrity in the Army, except to a greater extent a good deal than not are specific whollyy excluded No Place for a Woman or trim to silence She Wouldnt Speak. In the texts themselves the r ecitaltellers are any anonymous or male and male mate-ship is valued above marriage. In Lawsons most well-known stories the bush is a negative force against which man must wage a constant battle. The husbandryscape, perhaps predictably, is depicted in powder-puff terms either as a cruel produce who threatens to destroy her son or as a tremendous virgin who call fors man into deadly temptation.Men survive by rallying together and are always relieve oneself to help a mate in distress. Women are left at house and are shown to be contented with their role as homemaker All days are lotstimes the said(prenominal) to her hardly this bush- cleaning woman is use to the loneliness of it She is glad when her husband returns, precisely she does not gush or make a fuss most it. She gets him something good to eat, and tidies up the children (Lawson 6). Bayntons stories challenge this vision of life in the bush in a number of ways the majority of her recall doses are pistillate the real endangerment comes not from the bush just now from the men who inhabit it. From the very beginning, Bayntons stories were subject to a form of male security review since Stephens heavily edited them in an attempt to render the implicit conventional and thereby make the stories align to his vision of Australian life. Few manuscripts have survived exactly the changes made to two stories have been well documented. In 1984 Elizabeth Webby published an article comparing the published version of close calls Mate with a typescript/manuscript held in the Mitchell Library.She noted that in the published version the structure has been tightened and some ambiguity take away by replacing many of the pronouns by nouns. More significantly, the ending has been changed and, since endings play such a all important(p) role in the understanding of a short story, this has important repercussions on the strong text The new, to a greater extent conventionally moralistic ending demande d a more actively brutal close shave and a more nonoperational, suffering strainy shame. So handed-down male/female characteristics were superimposed on Bayntons original characters, characters designed to question such sexual stereotypes.As well, the main emphasis was shifted from its ostensible aim Squeakers mate, to her assailant and defender instead of a study of a reversal of sex, we have a tale of true or false mateship. (459) 7 Despite these changes the texts conformity to the traditional Australian story of mate-ship which the Bulletin readers had come to expect remains superficial. The title itself is an ironic parody of Lawsons story titles. The woman is defined by her human relationship to the man unless the roles are reversed. The man has become the effeminate Squeaker, the woman the manlike mate. As in Lawsons stories the male characters words are reported in passages of direct name and address and the reader has glide slope to his thoughts plot of ground th e womans words are reported lonesome(prenominal) indirectly waiting for her to be up and about again. That would be soon, she told her complaining mate (16). However, and this is an important difference with Lawsons stories, in Bayntons work the text by choice draws prudence to what is not said. For example when Squeaker leaves her without food and drink for two days Of them the sheep and the drop back only she spoke when he returned (16), or again No word of complaint passed her lips (18).By the end of the story the woman has stopped utterance altogether and the reader is on purpose denied all memory access to her thoughts and feelings What the sick woman thought was not defined for she kept silent always (20). The main character is and because marginalised some(prenominal) in the title and in the story itself. The story is constructed around her absence seizure seizure and it is precisely what is not said which draws solicitude to the hardships of the womans life. 8 A similar technique is apply in baton Skywonkie. The protagonist, who remains unnamed by and passim the story, is not even mentioned until the fourth paragraph where she is described as the listening woman passenger (46). She is thus from the start designated as external to the action. Although there is a lot of dialogue in direct speech in the story, the protagonists own words are always reported indirectly. The reader is never allowed direct access to her thoughts but must infer what is going on in her mind from expressions like in dying(p) fear (47) or with the fascination of horror (53).Despite the awfulness of the male characters, the decentering of the protagonist makes it realizable for readers unwilling to accept Bayntons views on life in the bush to accept the explicitly state opinions of the male characters and to dismiss the woman as an unwelcome outsider. 9 The most significant changes to the original stories, and those about which Baynton presumablely snarl most strongly since she removed them from the text of bush Studies, concern the story now known as The elect Vessel. This story, as many critics have remarked, is a version of The Drovers Wife in which the gallows-faced swagman (Lawson 6) does not leave.Lawsons text states repeatedly that the wife is used to the loneliness of her life, suggesting even that it is easier for her than for him They are used to being apart, or at least she is (4). Bayntons character, on the other hand, dislikes being alone and the story shows the thoroughgoing vulnerability of women, not at the hands of Nature, but at the hands of men. 10 Baynton sooner submitted the story under the title When the Curlew Cried but Stephens changed this to The Tramp. Once again his editorial changes deflect the readers prudence away from the female character.By implicitly making the man rather than the woman the central figure, the encroachment and slaughter are reduced to one episode in the tramps life. Kay Schaffer u nderlines (156) that this attempt to remove the woman from the story is alike to be found in the work of the critic A. A. Phillips. For many years he was the only soul to have written on Baynton and his article contains the preposterous reprobate that her major division is the image of a lonely bush hut besieged by a terrifying figure who is also a terrified figure (150).As Schaffer rightly points out, it is exhausting to understand how any reader can possibly gestate that the man who is contemplating rape and take away is a terrified figure. 11 As was then the convention, both the rape and murder are implicit She knew that he was offering terms if she ceased to struggle and name for help, though louder and louder did she abuse for it, but it was only when the mans hand gripped her throat that the cry of despatch came from her lips. And when she ceased, the startled curlews took up the awful sound, and flew wailing Murder Murder over the knightmans wit (85). 12 Stephens deliberate suppression of two passages, however, means the reader can infer a very diametric meaning to events than that intended by Baynton. The Bulletin version omits the scene in which irradiation Henessey explains how he mistakenly thought the figure of the woman shouting for help was a vision of the new Mary. The only assertable reading in this version is that the vaulting horseman was riding too fast and simply did not describe her calls She called to him in Christs Name, in her babes name hardly the distance grew greater and greater between them (85).Bayntons original version leads to a very polar interpretation Mary Mother of Christ He repeated the invocation half unconsciously, when suddenly to him, out of the stillness, came Christs Name called loudly in despairing accents Gliding across a supernatural patch of pipe-clay, he saw a bloodless-robed figure with a babe clasped to her bosom. The work on the glare clay was a heavenly light to him, and he knew t he white figure not for flesh and blood, but for the Virgin and peasant of his mothers prayers.Then, good Catholic that once more he was, he put spurs to his horses sides and galloped madly away (86-7). 13 By clarifying what is going on in the horsemans mind, Baynton is implying that patriarchal society as a whole is guilty. This interpretation is substantiate by the feature that the woman does not exist as a person in her own right in the marrows of any of the male characters. Her husband denies her sexual identity Neednt blandish yerself nobody ud indirect request ter run away with yew (82) the swagman sees her as a sexual object, Peter Henessey as a religious one.Taken individually there is nothing original in these visions of woman but their assemblage is surp acclivity and ought to lead the reader to consider what place is left for a woman as a person. 14 Stephens insurgent omission is a paragraph near the beginning of the story where the reader is told She was not cl austrophobic of horsemen, but swagmen (81). This sentence is perhaps one of the best examples of the way the implicit works in Bayntons stories. The presupposition, at the time widely accepted, is that horsemen and swagmen are different.Explicitly asserting the contrary would have been immediately challenged and Baynton never takes this risk. only if with the storys denouement does the reader become aware that the presupposition is false, that both horsemen and swagmen are to be feared. 15 The other technique frequently used by Baynton is that of metaphor and metonymy. According to Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni le trope nest quun cas particulier du fonctionnement de limplicite. Tout trope est une digression et se caracterise par un mecanisme de substitution mais substitution de quoi a quoi, et deviance de quoi par rapport a quoi (94109).Readers of Bush Studies have all too often identified only the substitution, not the deviance. 16 In her detail analysis of The elect Vessel Kay Schaffer examines the significance of the last paragraph of the story in which the swagman tries to swoosh the sheeps blood from his andirons mouth and throat. She is oddly interested in the last sentence But the dog also was guilty (88). close readers have seen this as a simple, almost faineant statement, whose only aim is to underline the parallel between man and dog the man killed a woman, the dog a sheep.Schaffer on the other hand sees here a reference to the first paragraph but the womans husband was angry and called her the noun was cur (Baynton 81). She analyses the metonymic association of woman and dog and argues that the womans dog-like fealty to a husband who abuses her is open to criticism since as a human being she is capable of making decisions for herself. According to Schaffers reading Her massive acceptance of the situation makes her an accomplice in her intend (165). 17Most readers do identify the womans metaphoric association with the daunt as a symbol o f the parentalistic instinct but Schaffer again goes one step further and argues that since the woman is afraid of the cow she is consequently afraid of the maternal in herself but in participating, albeit reluctantly, in control of the cow, her husbands property, she also participates in maintaining patriarchal society and therefore Although never made explicit in the text, by metonymic link up and metaphoric referents, the woman paradoxically is what she fears.She embodies the maternal in the symbolic order. She belongs to the same providence which brings about her murder (165). 18 The baby is rescued by a boundary rider, but this does not mean that pregnancy emerges as a positive force in the story. Bayntons title The Chosen Vessel implies that the reckon concept of the maternal can exist only at the cost of the woman by denying the mother the right to exist as a person The Virgin Mary exists only to provide graven image with his Son, a wife is there to ensure the transmi ssion of power and property from paternity to son.At the end of Bayntons story even this reverenced position is denied women Once more the face of the Madonna and babe looked down on Peter My Lord and my God was the exaltation And hast Thou chosen me? Ultimately Schaffer argues If one reads through the contradictions, woman is not guilty at all she is wholly absent. She takes no part in the actions of the story except to set out male inclination as either Virgin or whore She has been named, captured, controlled, appropriated, violated, violate and murdered, and then reverenced through the signifying practices of the text.And these contradictory practices through which the woman is dispersed in the text are possible by her very absence from the symbolic order except by reference to her phallic repossession by Man. (168) 19 In a similar way Bayntons use of sheep as a metonym for women and passive suffering is often remarked upon but is seen as little more than a cliche.This view is justified by referring to Squeakers Mate where the woman is powerless to stop Squeaker selling her sheep, many of which she considers as pets, to the butcher and to Billy Skywonkie which ends with an apparently stereotypic image prefiguring the meaningless sacrifice (Krimmer and Lawson xxii) of the woman in The Chosen Vessel She find that the sheep lay passive, with its foreman back till its neck curved in a bow, and that the glitter of the knife was reflected in its eye (Baynton 60).Hergenhan does go slightly further by arguing that this is also an example of Bayntons denial of the redemptory power of the sacrificial animal (216) but when the collection as a whole is considered, and the different references are read in parallel, the metonym turns out to be far more ambiguous. 20 In Scrammy And the knife is all the way not a unsafe instrument The only weapon that the old fellow had was the useless butchers knife (41, my italics). Even more significantly in this stor y the musing of the moonlight in the sheeps eyes is sufficient to temporarily discourageScrammy The way those thousand eyes reflected the rising moon was disconcerting. The whole of the night seemed pregnant with eyes (38). Far from being innocent creatures the sheep are associated with pronounces The moonlights undulating white scales across their shorn backs brought out the fresh tar brand 8, setting him thinking of the links of that convict gang chain long ago (42). Nor are sheep seen to be entirely passive She was wiser now, though sheep are slow to learn (44). 21 In this respect the symbolism of the ewe and the poddy lamb is particularly interesting.The old man claims that this is the third lamb that he has had to poddy. He accuses the ewe of not being natral (34), and having a blarsted imperdence (30). The storyteller, on the other hand, describes her as the unashamed silent mother (30). What is being challenged is not her motherhood but her apparent lack of maternal instin ct. Once the sheepherder is dead, the ewe is capable of teaching her lamb to drink suggesting that it is in accompaniment the man who prevents the maternal from developing. This would seem to be confirmed by the repeated remark that men verify on awe and calves being penned separately.Thus apparently hackneyed images are in particular used in a unnatural way so as to undermine traditional bush values. 22 In much the same way, Bayntons cliches also deviate from expected usage. For example in Scrammy And the old shepherd sums up his view of women as They cant never do anythin right, an orlways, continerally they gets a man inter trouble (30). By inverting the roles of men and women in the expression getting into trouble the text suggests that values in the Bush are radically different to elsewhere. Something which is confirmed in Billy Skywonkie where the narrator reflects She felt she had befuddled her mental balance.Little matters became distort and the greater shrivelled ( 55). 23 Similarly the apparently stereotypical descriptions of the landscape in fact undermine the Bulletin vision of Australia. In Billy Skywonkie the countryside is described as barren shelterless plains (47). Were the description to stop here it could be interpreted as a typical male image of the land as dangerous female but the text continues the land is barren because of the tireless greedy cheer (47). In the traditional dichotomy man/woman active/passive the insolate is always masculine and like the sun the men in Bush Studies are shown to be greedy.Although never explicitly stated, this seems to suggest that it is not the land itself which is hostile but the activities of men which make it so. Schaffer sees a confirmation of this (152) in the fact that it is the Konks meander which for the protagonist blotted the landscape and dwarfed all perspective (Baynton 50). In Bayntons work women are associated with the land because both are victims of men. 24 The least understood s tory in the collection is doubtlessly Bush church service Krimmer and Lawson talk of its grim meaninglessness (xxii) and Phillips complains that it is almost without plot (155).It is perhaps not surprise that this story should be the most complex in its use of language. Of all the stories in the collection Bush Church is the one which contains the most direct speech, written in an unfamiliar colloquial Australian English. These passages deliberately flout what Grice describes as the maxims of relevance and manner they seem neither to advance the plot nor to add to the readers understanding of the characters. 25 Most readers are thrown by this failure to respect conversational maxims and the co-operative principal. Consequently they requital insufficient attention to individual sentences.Moreover, the sentences are structured in such a way as to make it difficult for the reader to question their truth or even to locate their subversive nature. As Jean Jacques weber points out, the natural tendency is to challenge what the sentence asserts rather than what it presupposes (164). This is clearly illustrated by the spring sentence The hospitality of the bush never extends to the lend of a good horse to an inexperienced rider (61). Readers may object that they know of occasions when a good horse was loaned to an inexperienced rider but few imbibe that the assertion in fact negates the presupposition.Baynton is not talking here about the loan of a horse but is challenging one of the fundamental myths of life in the bush that there is such a thing as bush hospitality. 26 Once again a resemblance with Lawson is illuminating. Lawsons anonymous narrator says of the Drovers wife She seems contented with her lot (6). In Bush Church this becomes But for all this Liz thought she was jolly happy (70). Although semantically their meaning is similar, pragmatically they could not be more different.It is not the anonymous narrator but Liz who is uncertain of her feelings and feels it necessary to qualify happy by fairly. More importantly the presupposition, but for all this, deliberately leaves unsaid the extreme poverty and the beatings to which Liz is subject. 27 Susan Sheridan, talking of Bayntons novel Human Toll, says the assurance that it is autobiographical deflects attention from the novels textuality as if the assertion that it was all true and that writing was a necessary catharsis could account for its strangely wrought prose and obscure dynamics of desire (67).The same is true of her short stories. By persisting in reading her as a realist writer many readers fail to notice her sophisticated use of language. Perhaps because none of the stories has a narrator to comport the reader in their interpretation or because the reader has little or no direct access to the protagonists thoughts, or because of the flouting of conversational maxims and the co-operative principal, sentences are taken at face value and all too often little attempt i s made to decode the irony or to question what on the surface appears to be statements of fact.Hergenhan queries the success of a strategy of such extreme obliqueness It is difficult to understand why Baynton did not make it clearer as the ellipsis is carried so far that the clues have eluded most readers (217), but it should be remembered that, assumption the circumstances in which she was trying to publish, direct criticism was never an option for Baynton. What is essential in decode Bayntons work is to accept that it is not about women but about the absence of women who are shown to be victims both of men in the bush and of language.The TrampNO PLACE FOR A WOMAN The Australian author Barbara Baynton had her first short story published under the title The Tramp in 1896 in the Christmas edition of the Bulletin. Founded in Sydney in 1880, the Bulletin was instrumental in developing the idea of Australian nationalism. It was originally a popular commercial weekly rather than a lite rary magazine but in the 1890s, with the literary critic A. G. Stephens as its editor, it was to become something like a national literary club for a new generation of writers (Carter 263).Stephens published work by many young Australian writers, including the short story writer Henry Lawson and the poet Banjo Paterson and in 1901 he celebrated Miles Franklins My Brilliant Career as the first Australian novel. 2 Stephens deemed her too outspoken for an Australian audience (Schaffer 154). She was unable to find a publisher in Sydney willing to print her stories as a collection and it was not until 1902 that six of her stories were published in London by Duckworths Greenback Library under the title Bush Studies. It was, on the whole, reviewed favorably.She subsequently published a novel, Human Toll, in 1907 and an expanded collection of stories in 1917. Yet, although individual stories were regularly included in anthologies of Australian literature, by the time of her death in 1929 s he was better known as an antique collector and her collected stories were not reprinted until 1980. 3 Until the advent of feminist criticism in the 1980s, Baynton remained a largely forgotten figure, dismissed as a typical female writer who did not know how to control her emotions and who was unable to put her natural talent to good use.As late as 1983 Lucy Frost could talk of her unusually low level of critical awareness (65) and claim that she relies on instinct In order to write well she needs to write honestly out of intuitive understanding. As art it makes for failure (65). For a long time reading the implicit in Bayntons stories consisted in identifying the autobiographical elements and attempting to piece together her true life. She notoriously claimed, even to her own children, to be the daughter not of an Irish carpenter but of a Bengal Lancer and in later life tried to conceal he hardship of her childhood and early married life. The stories were read as true accounts o f what it was like for a poor woman to live in the bush at the end of the nineteenth century. This paper argues that far from being a natural writer whose talent does not extend to symbolism (Frost 64), Baynton is a sophisticated writer who uses obliqueness simply because this was the only form of criticism open to a woman writer in Australia at this time. The apparent inability of readers to engage with the implicit in her stories stems from an unwillingness to accept her vision of life in the bush. In order to understand Bayntons technique and why earlier readers consistently failed to interpret it correctly, it is important to replace her stories in the context of the literary world in which she was working for, as Brown and Yule state, when it comes to reading the implicit Discourse is interpreted in the light of past experience of similar discourse by analogy with previous similar texts (65). In 1901, the year of federation and the height of Australian nationalistic fervor, A. G.Stephens wrote What country can offer to writers better material than Australia? We are not yet snug in cities and hamlets, molded by routine, regimented to a pattern. Every man who roams the Australian wilderness is a potential knight of Romance every man who grapples with the Australian desert for a livelihood might sing a Homeric chant of history, or listen, baffled and beaten, to an Aeschylean dirge of defeat. The marvels of the adventurous are our daily common-places.The drama of the conflict between Man and Destiny is played here in a scenic setting whose novelty is full of vital suggestion for the literary artist. (Ackland, 77) 5 Women are conspicuously absent in this description of Australian life as they are in the work of Henry Lawson whose stories have come to be seen as the perfect example of nationalistic writing. In the titles of his stories women, if they exist at all, are seen as appendages of men The Drovers Wife, The Selectors Daughter. They are defined at best b y their physical characteristics That Pretty Girl in the Army, but more often than not are specifically excluded No Place for a Woman or reduced to silence She Wouldnt Speak. In the texts themselves the narrators are either anonymous or male and male mate-ship is valued above marriage. In Lawsons most well-known stories the bush is a destructive force against which man must wage a constant battle. The landscape, perhaps predictably, is depicted in feminine terms either as a cruel mother who threatens to destroy her son or as a dangerous virgin who leads man into deadly temptation.Men survive by rallying together and are always ready to help a mate in distress. Women are left at home and are shown to be contented with their role as homemaker All days are much the same to her But this bush-woman is used to the loneliness of it She is glad when her husband returns, but she does not gush or make a fuss about it. She gets him something good to eat, and tidies up the children (Lawson 6 ). Bayntons stories challenge this vision of life in the bush in a number of ways the majority of her protagonists are female the real danger comes not from the bush but from the men who inhabit it. From the very beginning, Bayntons stories were subject to a form of male censorship since Stephens heavily edited them in an attempt to render the implicit conventional and thereby make the stories conform to his vision of Australian life. Few manuscripts have survived but the changes made to two stories have been well documented. In 1984 Elizabeth Webby published an article comparing the published version of Squeakers Mate with a typescript/manuscript held in the Mitchell Library.She noted that in the published version the structure has been tightened and some ambiguity removed by replacing many of the pronouns by nouns. More importantly, the ending has been changed and, since endings play such a crucial role in the understanding of a short story, this has important repercussions on the whole text The new, more conventionally moralistic ending demanded a more actively brutal Squeaker and a more passive, suffering Mary. So traditional male/female characteristics were superimposed on Bayntons original characters, characters designed to question such sexual stereotypes.As well, the main emphasis was shifted from its ostensible object Squeakers mate, to her attacker and defender instead of a study of a reversal of sex, we have a tale of true or false mateship. (459) 7 Despite these changes the texts conformity to the traditional Australian story of mate-ship which the Bulletin readers had come to expect remains superficial. The title itself is an ironic parody of Lawsons story titles. The woman is defined by her relationship to the man but the roles are reversed. The man has become the effeminate Squeaker, the woman the masculine mate. As in Lawsons stories the male characters words are reported in passages of direct speech and the reader has access to his thoughts wh ile the womans words are reported only indirectly waiting for her to be up and about again. That would be soon, she told her complaining mate (16). However, and this is an important difference with Lawsons stories, in Bayntons work the text deliberately draws attention to what is not said. For example when Squeaker leaves her without food and drink for two days Of them the sheep and the dog only she spoke when he returned (16), or again No word of complaint passed her lips (18).By the end of the story the woman has stopped speaking altogether and the reader is deliberately denied all access to her thoughts and feelings What the sick woman thought was not definite for she kept silent always (20). The main character is thus marginalised both in the title and in the story itself. The story is constructed around her absence and it is precisely what is not said which draws attention to the hardships of the womans life. 8 A similar technique is used in Billy Skywonkie. The protagonist, w ho remains unnamed throughout the story, is not even mentioned until the fourth paragraph where she is described as the listening woman passenger (46). She is thus from the start designated as external to the action. Although there is a lot of dialogue in direct speech in the story, the protagonists own words are always reported indirectly. The reader is never allowed direct access to her thoughts but must infer what is going on in her mind from expressions like in nervous fear (47) or with the fascination of horror (53).Despite the awfulness of the male characters, the decentering of the protagonist makes it possible for readers unwilling to accept Bayntons views on life in the bush to accept the explicitly stated opinions of the male characters and to dismiss the woman as an unwelcome outsider. 9 The most significant changes to the original stories, and those about which Baynton apparently felt most strongly since she removed them from the text of Bush Studies, concern the story n ow known as The Chosen Vessel. This story, as many critics have remarked, is a version of The Drovers Wife in which the gallows-faced swagman (Lawson 6) does not leave.Lawsons text states repeatedly that the wife is used to the loneliness of her life, suggesting even that it is easier for her than for him They are used to being apart, or at least she is (4). Bayntons character, on the other hand, dislikes being alone and the story shows the extreme vulnerability of women, not at the hands of Nature, but at the hands of men. 10 Baynton originally submitted the story under the title When the Curlew Cried but Stephens changed this to The Tramp. Once again his editorial changes deflect the readers attention away from the female character.By implicitly making the man rather than the woman the central figure, the rape and murder are reduced to one episode in the tramps life. Kay Schaffer underlines (156) that this attempt to remove the woman from the story is also to be found in the wor k of the critic A. A. Phillips. For many years he was the only person to have written on Baynton and his article contains the preposterous sentence that her major theme is the image of a lonely bush hut besieged by a terrifying figure who is also a terrified figure (150).As Schaffer rightly points out, it is difficult to understand how any reader can possibly consider that the man who is contemplating rape and murder is a terrified figure. 11 As was then the convention, both the rape and murder are implicit She knew that he was offering terms if she ceased to struggle and cry for help, though louder and louder did she cry for it, but it was only when the mans hand gripped her throat that the cry of Murder came from her lips. And when she ceased, the startled curlews took up the awful sound, and flew wailing Murder Murder over the horsemans head (85). 12 Stephens deliberate suppression of two passages, however, means the reader can infer a very different meaning to events than that intended by Baynton. The Bulletin version omits the scene in which Peter Henessey explains how he mistakenly thought the figure of the woman shouting for help was a vision of the Virgin Mary. The only possible reading in this version is that the horseman was riding too fast and simply did not hear her calls She called to him in Christs Name, in her babes name But the distance grew greater and greater between them (85).Bayntons original version leads to a very different interpretation Mary Mother of Christ He repeated the invocation half unconsciously, when suddenly to him, out of the stillness, came Christs Name called loudly in despairing accents Gliding across a ghostly patch of pipe-clay, he saw a white-robed figure with a babe clasped to her bosom. The moonlight on the gleaming clay was a heavenly light to him, and he knew the white figure not for flesh and blood, but for the Virgin and Child of his mothers prayers.Then, good Catholic that once more he was, he put spurs to his horses sides and galloped madly away (86-7). 13 By clarifying what is going on in the horsemans mind, Baynton is implying that patriarchal society as a whole is guilty. This interpretation is confirmed by the fact that the woman does not exist as a person in her own right in the eyes of any of the male characters. Her husband denies her sexual identity Neednt flatter yerself nobody ud want ter run away with yew (82) the swagman sees her as a sexual object, Peter Henessey as a religious one.Taken individually there is nothing original in these visions of woman but their accumulation is surprising and ought to lead the reader to consider what place is left for a woman as a person. 14 Stephens second omission is a paragraph near the beginning of the story where the reader is told She was not afraid of horsemen, but swagmen (81). This sentence is perhaps one of the best examples of the way the implicit works in Bayntons stories. The presupposition, at the time widely accepted, is t hat horsemen and swagmen are different.Explicitly asserting the contrary would have been immediately challenged and Baynton never takes this risk. Only with the storys denouement does the reader become aware that the presupposition is false, that both horsemen and swagmen are to be feared. 15 The other technique frequently used by Baynton is that of metaphor and metonymy. According to Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni le trope nest quun cas particulier du fonctionnement de limplicite. Tout trope est une deviance et se caracterise par un mecanisme de substitution mais substitution de quoi a quoi, et deviance de quoi par rapport a quoi (94109).Readers of Bush Studies have all too often identified only the substitution, not the deviance. 16 In her detailed analysis of The Chosen Vessel Kay Schaffer examines the significance of the last paragraph of the story in which the swagman tries to wash the sheeps blood from his dogs mouth and throat. She is particularly interested in the last sente nce But the dog also was guilty (88). Most readers have seen this as a simple, almost superfluous statement, whose only aim is to underline the parallel between man and dog the man killed a woman, the dog a sheep.Schaffer on the other hand sees here a reference to the first paragraph but the womans husband was angry and called her the noun was cur (Baynton 81). She analyses the metonymic association of woman and dog and argues that the womans dog-like loyalty to a husband who abuses her is open to criticism since as a human being she is capable of making decisions for herself. According to Schaffers reading Her massive acceptance of the situation makes her an accomplice in her fate (165). 17Most readers do identify the womans metaphoric association with the cow as a symbol of the maternal instinct but Schaffer again goes one step further and argues that since the woman is afraid of the cow she is consequently afraid of the maternal in herself but in participating, albeit reluctantl y, in control of the cow, her husbands property, she also participates in maintaining patriarchal society and therefore Although never made explicit in the text, by metonymic links and metaphoric referents, the woman paradoxically is what she fears.She embodies the maternal in the symbolic order. She belongs to the same economy which brings about her murder (165). 18 The baby is rescued by a boundary rider, but this does not mean that motherhood emerges as a positive force in the story. Bayntons title The Chosen Vessel implies that the abstract concept of the maternal can exist only at the cost of the woman by denying the mother the right to exist as a person The Virgin Mary exists only to provide God with his Son, a wife is there to ensure the transmission of power and property from father to son.At the end of Bayntons story even this reverenced position is denied women Once more the face of the Madonna and Child looked down on Peter My Lord and my God was the exaltation And hast Thou chosen me? Ultimately Schaffer argues If one reads through the contradictions, woman is not guilty at all she is wholly absent. She takes no part in the actions of the story except to represent male desire as either Virgin or whore She has been named, captured, controlled, appropriated, violated, raped and murdered, and then reverenced through the signifying practices of the text.And these contradictory practices through which the woman is dispersed in the text are possible by her very absence from the symbolic order except by reference to her phallic repossession by Man. (168) 19 In a similar way Bayntons use of sheep as a metonym for women and passive suffering is often remarked upon but is seen as little more than a cliche.This view is justified by referring to Squeakers Mate where the woman is powerless to stop Squeaker selling her sheep, many of which she considers as pets, to the butcher and to Billy Skywonkie which ends with an apparently stereotypical image prefigur ing the meaningless sacrifice (Krimmer and Lawson xxii) of the woman in The Chosen Vessel She noticed that the sheep lay passive, with its head back till its neck curved in a bow, and that the glitter of the knife was reflected in its eye (Baynton 60).Hergenhan does go slightly further by arguing that this is also an example of Bayntons denial of the redemptive power of the sacrificial animal (216) but when the collection as a whole is considered, and the different references are read in parallel, the metonym turns out to be far more ambiguous. 20 In Scrammy And the knife is clearly not a dangerous instrument The only weapon that the old fellow had was the useless butchers knife (41, my italics). Even more significantly in this story the reflection of the moonlight in the sheeps eyes is sufficient to temporarily discourageScrammy The way those thousand eyes reflected the rising moon was disconcerting. The whole of the night seemed pregnant with eyes (38). Far from being innocent cre atures the sheep are associated with convicts The moonlights undulating white scales across their shorn backs brought out the fresh tar brand 8, setting him thinking of the links of that convict gang chain long ago (42). Nor are sheep seen to be entirely passive She was wiser now, though sheep are slow to learn (44). 21 In this respect the symbolism of the ewe and the poddy lamb is particularly interesting.The old man claims that this is the third lamb that he has had to poddy. He accuses the ewe of not being natral (34), and having a blarsted imperdence (30). The narrator, on the other hand, describes her as the unashamed silent mother (30). What is being challenged is not her motherhood but her apparent lack of maternal instinct. Once the shepherd is dead, the ewe is capable of teaching her lamb to drink suggesting that it is in fact the man who prevents the maternal from developing. This would seem to be confirmed by the repeated remark that men insist on cows and calves being pe nned separately.Thus apparently hackneyed images are in fact used in a deviant way so as to undermine traditional bush values. 22 In much the same way, Bayntons cliches also deviate from expected usage. For example in Scrammy And the old shepherd sums up his view of women as They cant never do anythin right, an orlways, continerally they gets a man inter trouble (30). By inverting the roles of men and women in the expression getting into trouble the text suggests that values in the Bush are radically different to elsewhere. Something which is confirmed in Billy Skywonkie where the narrator reflects She felt she had lost her mental balance.Little matters became distorted and the greater shrivelled (55). 23 Similarly the apparently stereotypical descriptions of the landscape in fact undermine the Bulletin vision of Australia. In Billy Skywonkie the countryside is described as barren shelterless plains (47). Were the description to stop here it could be interpreted as a typical male i mage of the land as dangerous female but the text continues the land is barren because of the tireless greedy sun (47). In the traditional dichotomy man/woman active/passive the sun is always masculine and like the sun the men in Bush Studies are shown to be greedy.Although never explicitly stated, this seems to suggest that it is not the land itself which is hostile but the activities of men which make it so. Schaffer sees a confirmation of this (152) in the fact that it is the Konks nose which for the protagonist blotted the landscape and dwarfed all perspective (Baynton 50). In Bayntons work women are associated with the land because both are victims of men. 24 The least understood story in the collection is undoubtedly Bush Church Krimmer and Lawson talk of its grim meaninglessness (xxii) and Phillips complains that it is almost without plot (155).It is perhaps not surprising that this story should be the most complex in its use of language. Of all the stories in the collection Bush Church is the one which contains the most direct speech, written in an unfamiliar colloquial Australian English. These passages deliberately flout what Grice describes as the maxims of relevance and manner they seem neither to advance the plot nor to add to the readers understanding of the characters. 25 Most readers are thrown by this failure to respect conversational maxims and the co-operative principal. Consequently they pay insufficient attention to individual sentences.Moreover, the sentences are structured in such a way as to make it difficult for the reader to question their truth or even to locate their subversive nature. As Jean Jacques Weber points out, the natural tendency is to challenge what the sentence asserts rather than what it presupposes (164). This is clearly illustrated by the opening sentence The hospitality of the bush never extends to the loan of a good horse to an inexperienced rider (61). Readers may object that they know of occasions when a good hor se was loaned to an inexperienced rider but few realise that the assertion in fact negates the presupposition.Baynton is not talking here about the loan of a horse but is challenging one of the fundamental myths of life in the bush that there is such a thing as bush hospitality. 26 Once again a comparison with Lawson is illuminating. Lawsons anonymous narrator says of the Drovers wife She seems contented with her lot (6). In Bush Church this becomes But for all this Liz thought she was fairly happy (70). Although semantically their meaning is similar, pragmatically they could not be more different.It is not the anonymous narrator but Liz who is uncertain of her feelings and feels it necessary to qualify happy by fairly. More importantly the presupposition, but for all this, deliberately leaves unsaid the extreme poverty and the beatings to which Liz is subject. 27 Susan Sheridan, talking of Bayntons novel Human Toll, says the assumption that it is autobiographical deflects attenti on from the novels textuality as if the assertion that it was all true and that writing was a necessary catharsis could account for its strangely wrought prose and obscure dynamics of desire (67).The same is true of her short stories. By persisting in reading her as a realist writer many readers fail to notice her sophisticated use of language. Perhaps because none of the stories has a narrator to guide the reader in their interpretation or because the reader has little or no direct access to the protagonists thoughts, or because of the flouting of conversational maxims and the co-operative principal, sentences are taken at face value and all too often little attempt is made to decode the irony or to question what on the surface appears to be statements of fact.Hergenhan queries the success of a strategy of such extreme obliqueness It is difficult to understand why Baynton did not make it clearer as the ellipsis is carried so far that the clues have eluded most readers (217), but it should be remembered that, given the circumstances in which she was trying to publish, direct criticism was never an option for Baynton. What is essential in decoding Bayntons work is to accept that it is not about women but about the absence of women who are shown to be victims both of men in the bush and of language.